Real-Time Systems – The term real time is one of the most misused terms in computer science and is commonly considered in various context, for example, real-time games, real-time video streaming, real-time communication. In fact, real-time systems are not characterized by being considerably fast but by their connection to the real world and its real time. The goal of real-time systems is to provide results of functions within deadlines. Depending on the point of view, real-time systems are usually embedded systems or cyber-physical systems, when emphasizing the aspect of controlling physical objects. The research field of real-time systems spans from system-software topics (such as real-time operating systems) to the resource analysis of real-time systems. Regarding the analysis of real-time systems, the research field addresses the determination of the worst-case execution-time bounds in order to meet timeliness.
Projects:
Watwa: Whole-System Optimality Analysis and Tailoring of Worst-Case–Constrained Applications
Funding source: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)
Acronym: Watwa
Project leader:
Energy-constrained real-time systems, such as implantable medical devices, are prevalent in modern life. These systems demand its software to fulfill both properties of safe and energy-efficient task executions. Regarding safety, these systems must execute their tasks within execution-time and energy bounds since resource-budget violations potentially cause danger to life. In order to guarantee the system's safe execution with the given time and energy resources, static program-code analysis too…
maRE: Migration-Aware Multi-Core Real-Time Executive
Acronym: maRE
Project leader:
This research proposal investigates the predictability of task migration in multi-core real-time systems. Therefore, we propose , a migration- aware real-time executive where migration decisions are no longer based on generic performance parameters but systematically deduced on application-specific knowledge of the real-time tasks. These so-called migration hints relate to temporal and spatial aspects of real-time tasks; they mark potential migration points in their non- sequential (multi-thread…
ARTE: Softwareinfrastruktur betriebsmittelbeschränkter vernetzter Systeme (Phase 2)
Funding source: DFG / Forschungsgruppe (FOR)
Acronym: ARTE
Project leader:
Im Kontext der Gesamtvision der Forschergruppe BATS ist es das Ziel des Teilprojekts ARTE (adaptive run-time environment, TP 2) eine flexible Systemsoftwareunterstützung zu entwickeln. Diese soll es ermöglichen, für die Verhaltensbeobachtungen von Fledermäusen (TP 1) verteilte Datenstromanfragen (TP 3) auf einem heterogenen Sensornetzwerk (TP 4), bestehend aus stationären (TP 5) und mobilen (TP 7) Sensornetzwerkknoten, zu etablieren. Eine besondere Herausforderung stellen hierbei die knappen Res…
I4Copter: Platform for evaluation and education of embedded and safety-critical system software
Funding source: Siemens AG
Acronym: I4Copter
Project leader: ,
The project originally started in the context of the CoSa project, where it is intended to be deployed as a creditable demonstrator for safety-critical mission scenarios. During the development of the I4Copter prototype, it turned out to be more of a challenge than initially expected, both in terms of complexity and applicability. The software required for flight control, navigation and communication is a comprehensive and demanding application for the underlying system software. That is why it…
ARES: Adaptive Responsive Embedded Systems (ESI 2)
Funding source: Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Wirtschaft und Medien, Energie und Technologie (StMWIVT) (ab 10/2013)
Acronym: ARES
Project leader:
AORTA: Aspect-Oriented Real-Time Architecture (Phase 1)
Funding source: DFG-Einzelförderung / Sachbeihilfe (EIN-SBH)
Acronym: AORTA
Project leader:
Das Projekt Real-Time Systems Compiler (RTSC) entwickelt einen Betriebssystem-gewahren übersetzer, welcher eine implementierungsagnostische Manipulation der Echtzeitsystemarchitektur von gegebenen Echtzeitanwendungen ermöglicht. Eine derartige Transformation der Architektur ermöglicht beispielsweise die überführung eines ereignisgesteuerten in ein zeitgesteuertes Echtzeitsystem. Letztere lassen sich beispielsweise wesentlich einfacher hinsichtlicher ihrer Sicherheit und Zuverlässigkeit verifizie…
AORTA: Aspect-Oriented Real-Time Architectures (Phase 2)
Funding source: DFG-Einzelförderung / Sachbeihilfe (EIN-SBH)
Acronym: AORTA
Project leader: ,
The goal of the AORTA project is to enhance the predictability of dynamic mixed-criticality real time systems by extracting critical paths. These paths are to be transformed into their static equivalents and to be executed in a time-triggered fashion at run-time. In comparison to event triggered processes, time-triggered execution tends to underuse resources. Therefore the optimistic execution model of mixed-criticality real-time systems will be retained. Only in case of an emergency the real-ti…
QRONOS: Quality-aware Co-Design of Responsive Real-Time Control Systems
Acronym: QRONOS
Project leader: ,
A key design goal of safety-critical control systems is the verifiable compliance with a specific quality objective in the sense of the quality of control. Corresponding to these requirements, the underlying real- time operating system has to provide resources and a certain quality of service. However, the relationship between real-time performance and quality of control is nontrivial: First of all, execution load varies considerably with environmental situation and disturbance. Vice versa, the…
LARN: Latency and Resilience-aware Networking
Funding source: DFG / Schwerpunktprogramm (SPP)
Acronym: LARN
Project leader:
The poject develops transport channels for cyber-physical networks. Such channels need to be latency- and resilience-aware; i.e. the latency as seen by the application must be predictable and in certain limits, e.g. by balancing latency and resilience, be guaranteed. This is only possible by an innovative transport protocol stack and an appropriate fundament of operating system and low level networking support. Thereto the current proposal unites the disciplines Operating Systems / Real-Time Pro…
e.LARN: Energy-, Latency- and Resilience-aware Networking
Funding source: DFG / Schwerpunktprogramm (SPP)
Acronym: e.LARN
Project leader:
Contact Persons:
Participating Scientists:
Publications:
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FusionClock: Energy-Optimal Clock-Tree Reconfigurations for Energy-Constrained Real-Time Systems
35th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS '23) (Vienna, Austria)
In: Proceedings of the 35th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS '23) 2023
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2023.6 - , , , :
FusionClock: WCEC-Optimal Clock-Tree Reconfigurations (Artifact)
In: Dagstuhl Artifacts Series, 2023, p. 2:1--2:3 (Dagstuhl Artifacts Series, Vol.9)
DOI: 10.4230/DARTS.9.1.2
URL: https://drops.dagstuhl.de/opus/volltexte/2023/18023/pdf/DARTS-9-1-2.pdf - , :
Ecology-Aware Material Use as a Pervasive Trait in Intermittent Real-Time Systems
35th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems, Real-Time Pitches session (Vienna, Austria, 11. July 2023 - 14. May 2023)
Open Access: https://sys.cs.fau.de/publications/2023/raffeck_23_ecrts-poster.pdf
URL: https://sys.cs.fau.de/publications/2023/raffeck_23_ecrts-poster.pdf - , , , :
OS-State–Aware Fuzzing for Worst-Case Response Times
Herbsttreffen der Fachgruppe Betriebssysteme 2022 (, 19. September 2022 - 20. September 2022)
Open Access: https://www.betriebssysteme.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/FGBS2022-autumn_paper_343.pdf
URL: https://www.betriebssysteme.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/FGBS2022-autumn_paper_343.pdf - :
Clock-Tree–Aware Resource-Consumption Models for Embedded SoC Platforms (Master thesis, 2022)
URL: https://www4.cs.fau.de/~dengler/mastersthesis.pdf - , , , :
Annotate Once - Analyze Anywhere: Context-Aware WCET Analysis by User-Defined Abstractions
22nd ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED International Conference on Languages, Compilers, and Tools for Embedded Systems, LCTES 2021 (Virtual, Online, CAN, 22. June 2021)
In: Jorg Henkel, Xu Liu (ed.): Proceedings of the 22nd SIGPLAN/SIGBED International Conference on Languages,Compilers, and Tools for Embedded Systems (LCTES '21), New York, NY, USA: 2021
DOI: 10.1145/3461648.3463847
URL: https://www4.cs.fau.de/Publications/2021/schuster_21_lctes.pdf - , , , , , :
Taming Non-Deterministic Low-Level I/O: Predictable Multi-Core Real-Time Systems by SoC Co-Design
2021 IEEE 24th International Symposium on Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC)
DOI: 10.1109/isorc52013.2021.00017
URL: https://www4.cs.fau.de/Publications/2021/vaas_21_isorc.pdf - :
Energy-Constrained Real-Time Systems and Their Worst-Case Analyses (Dissertation, 2020)
URL: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:29-opus4-146935 - , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , :
Thinking small: next-generation sensor networks close the size gap in vertebrate biologging
In: Plos Biology (2020)
ISSN: 1544-9173
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000655 - , , , , , , :
Combining Automated Measurement-Based Cost Modeling With Static Worst-Case Execution-Time and Energy-Consumption Analyses
In: IEEE Embedded Systems Letters 11 (2019), p. 38-41
ISSN: 1943-0663
DOI: 10.1109/LES.2018.2868823
URL: https://www4.cs.fau.de/Publications/2019/sieh_19_esl.pdf - , , , :
Worst-case energy-consumption analysis by microarchitecture-aware timing analysis for device-driven cyber-physical systems
19th International Workshop on Worst-Case Execution Time Analysis, WCET 2019 (Stuttgart, 9. July 2019)
In: Sebastian Altmeyer (ed.): OpenAccess Series in Informatics 2019
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.WCET.2019.4
URL: https://drops.dagstuhl.de/storage/01oasics/oasics-vol072-wcet2019/OASIcs.WCET.2019.4/OASIcs.WCET.2019.4.pdf - , , , :
Proving Real-Time Capability of Generic Operating Systems by System-Aware Timing Analysis
25th Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS '19) (Montral, Canada, 16. April 2019 - 18. April 2019)
In: In Proceedings of the 25th Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS '19) 2019
DOI: 10.1109/rtas.2019.00034
URL: https://www4.cs.fau.de/Publications/2019/schuster_19_rtas.pdf - , , :
GenEE: A Benchmark Generator for Static Analysis Tools of Energy-Constrained Cyber-Physical Systems
2nd Workshop on Benchmarking Cyber-Physical Systems and Internet of Things, CPS-IoTBench 2019 (Montreal, QC, 15. April 2019)
In: Gowri Sankar Ramachandran, Jorge Ortiz (ed.): CPS-IoTBench 2019 - Proceedings of the 2019 2nd Workshop on Benchmarking Cyber-Physical Systems and Internet of Things 2019
DOI: 10.1145/3312480.3313170
URL: https://www4.cs.fau.de/Publications/2019/eichler_19_cpsiotbench.pdf - , , , , :
TASKers: A Whole-System Generator for Benchmarking Real-Time-System Analyses
Workshop on Worst-Case Execution Time Analysis (Barcelona, 3. July 2018 - 3. July 2018)
In: 18th International Workshop on Worst-Case Execution Time Analysis (WCET 2018), Dagstuhl, Germany: 2018
Open Access: https://drops.dagstuhl.de/storage/01oasics/oasics-vol063-wcet2018/OASIcs.WCET.2018.6/OASIcs.WCET.2018.6.pdf
URL: https://drops.dagstuhl.de/storage/01oasics/oasics-vol063-wcet2018/OASIcs.WCET.2018.6/OASIcs.WCET.2018.6.pdf - , , , , :
Whole-System Worst-Case Energy-Consumption Analysis for Energy-Constrained Real-Time Systems
30th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS '18) (Barcelona, 3. July 2018 - 6. July 2018)
In: Proceedings of the 30th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS '18), Dagstuhl, Germany: 2018
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2018.24 - , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , :
BATS: Adaptive Ultra Low Power Sensor Network for Animal Tracking
In: Sensors (2018)
ISSN: 1424-8220
DOI: 10.3390/s18103343 - , , , :
A New Perspective on Quality Evaluation for Control Systems with Stochastic Timing
HSCC '18: 21st International Conference on Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control (part of CPS Week) (Porto, Portugal, 11. April 2018 - 13. April 2018)
In: Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control (HSCC '18), New York, NY, USA: 2018
DOI: 10.1145/3178126.3178134
URL: https://dl.acm.org/authorize?N667444 - , , , :
Towards System-Wide Timing Analysis of Real-Time-Capable Operating Systems
30th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS '18) (Barcelona, 3. July 2018 - 6. July 2018)
In: Martina Maggio (ed.): Work-In-Progress Proceedings of 30th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS-WiP '18) 2018
URL: https://www.ecrts.org/fileadmin/files_ecrts18/ECRTS2018-WiP-proceedings.pdf - , , , , , , :
An End-To-End Toolchain: From Automated Cost Modeling to Static WCET and WCEC Analysis
20th International Symposium on Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC 2017) (Toronto, Canada, 16. May 2017 - 18. May 2017)
In: Proceedings of the 20th International Symposium on Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC 2017) 2017
DOI: 10.1109/ISORC.2017.10
URL: https://www4.cs.fau.de/Publications/2017/sieh_17_isorc.pdf - , , , :
Demo Abstract: Tooling Support for Benchmarking Timing Analysis
23rd Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium, Demo Session (RTAS Demo '17) (Pittsburgh, USA, 18. April 2017 - 20. April 2017)
In: Proceedings of the 23rd Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium, Demo Session (RTAS Demo '17) 2017
DOI: 10.1109/RTAS.2017.20
URL: https://www4.cs.fau.de/Publications/2017/eichler_17_rtas-demo.pdf - , , , , , :
Operating Energy-Neutral Real-Time Systems
In: ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems 17 (2017), p. 11:1-11:25
ISSN: 1539-9087
DOI: 10.1145/3078631
URL: https://www4.cs.fau.de/Publications/2017/waegemann_17_tecs.pdf - , , , , :
Demystifying Soft-Error Mitigation by Control-Flow Checking - A New Perspective on its Effectiveness
In: ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems 16 (2017), p. 180:1-180:19
ISSN: 1539-9087
DOI: 10.1145/3126503
URL: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/3126503 - , , , :
Benchmark Generation for Timing Analysis
23rd Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS '17) (Pittsburgh, USA, 18. April 2017 - 20. April 2017)
In: Proceedings of the 23rd Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS '17) 2017
DOI: 10.1109/RTAS.2017.6
URL: https://www4.cs.fau.de/Publications/2017/waegemann_17_rtas.pdf - , , , :
SysWCET: Whole-System Response-Time Analysis for Fixed-Priority Real-Time Systems (Outstanding Paper)
Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 17. April 2017 - 21. April 2017)
In: Davis, Rob; Parmer, Gabriel (ed.): Proceedings of the 23rd Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS '17), Los Alamitos, CA: 2017
DOI: 10.1109/RTAS.2017.37
URL: https://www4.cs.fau.de/Publications/2017/dietrich_17_rtas.pdf - , , , :
Towards Code Metrics for Benchmarking Timing Analysis
Real-Time Systems Symposium Work-in-Progress Session (Porto, Portugal)
In: Proceedings of the 37th Real-Time Systems Symposium Work-in-Progress Session (RTSS WiP '16) 2016
Open Access: https://www4.cs.fau.de/Publications/2016/waegemann_16_rtss-wip.pdf
URL: https://www4.cs.fau.de/Publications/2016/waegemann_16_rtss-wip.pdf - , , , , , :
Experiences with Software-based Soft-Error Mitigation using AN-Codes
In: Software Quality Journal, New York: Springer Science+Business Media, 2016, p. 87-113 (Software Quality Journal, Vol.24)
DOI: 10.1007/s11219-014-9260-4 - Falk Heiko, Altmeyer Sebastian, Hellinckx Peter, Hellinckx Peter, Lisper Björn, Puffitsch Wolfgang, Rochange Christine, Schoeberl Martin, Bo Sørensen Rasmus, Wägemann Peter, Wegener Simon:
TACLeBench: A Benchmark Collection to Support Worst-Case Execution Time Research
16th International Workshop on Worst-Case Execution Time Analysis (Toulouse, France)
In: Proceedings of the 16th International Workshop on Worst-Case Execution Time Analysis (WCET '16) 2016
DOI: 10.4230/OASIcs.WCET.2016.2
URL: https://drops.dagstuhl.de/storage/01oasics/oasics-vol055_wcet2016/OASIcs.WCET.2016.2/OASIcs.WCET.2016.2.pdf - , , , , :
A Kernel for Energy-Neutral Real-Time Systems with Mixed Criticalities
22nd Real-Time Embedded Technology & Applications Symposium (Vienna, Austria)
In: Proceedings of the 22nd Real-Time Embedded Technology & Applications Symposium (RTAS '16) 2016
Open Access: https://www4.cs.fau.de/Publications/2016/waegemann_16_rtas.pdf
URL: https://www4.cs.fau.de/Publications/2016/waegemann_16_rtas.pdf - , , , :
Poster Abstract: Towards Code Metrics for Benchmarking Timing Analysis
37th Real-Time Systems Symposium (Porto, Portugal)
In: Proceedings of the 37th Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS '16) 2016
URL: https://www4.cs.fau.de/Publications/2016/waegemann_16_rtss.pdf - , , , , , :
Worst-Case Energy Consumption Analysis for Energy-Constrained Embedded Systems
Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (Lund, Sweden)
In: Proceedings of the 27th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS '15) 2015
DOI: 10.1109/ECRTS.2015.17
URL: https://www4.cs.fau.de/Publications/2015/waegemann_15_ecrts.pdf - , , , , :
GenE: A Benchmark Generator for WCET Analysis
15th International Workshop on Worst-Case Execution Time Analysis (Lund, Sweden)
In: Proceedings of the 15th International Workshop on Worst-Case Execution Time Analysis (WCET '15) 2015
Open Access: https://www4.cs.fau.de/Publications/2015/waegemann_15_wcet.pdf
URL: https://www4.cs.fau.de/Publications/2015/waegemann_15_wcet.pdf - , , , , , :
Eliminating Single Points of Failure in Software-Based Redundancy
9th European Dependable Computing Conference (EDCC '12) (Sibiu, Romania, 8. May 2012 - 11. May 2012)
In: Correia, Miguel (ed.): Proceedings of the 9th European Dependable Computing Conference, Los Alamitos: 2012
DOI: 10.1109/EDCC.2012.21
URL: https://www4.cs.fau.de/Publications/2012/ulbrich_12_edcc.pdf - , :
The Real-Time Systems Compiler: migrating event-triggered systems to time-triggered systems
In: Software-Practice & Experience 41 (2011), p. 1491-1515
ISSN: 0038-0644
DOI: 10.1002/spe.1099
URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/spe.1099/abstract - , :
Crêpe: Clock-Reconfiguration–Aware Preemption Control in Real-Time Systems with Devices
36th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (Lille, France, 9. July 2024 - 12. July 2024)
In: Proceedings of the 36th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2024) 2024
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2024.10
URL: https://drops.dagstuhl.de/storage/00lipics/lipics-vol298-ecrts2024/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2024.10/LIPIcs.ECRTS.2024.10.pdf - , , , :
WatwaOS: A Framework for Worst-Case–Aware Tailoring and Whole-System Analysis of Energy-Constrained Real-Time Systems
46th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS ’25)
In: Proceedings of the 46th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS ’25) 2025
Open Access: https://sys.cs.fau.de/publications/2025/haeberlein_25_rtss.pdf
URL: https://sys.cs.fau.de/publications/2025/haeberlein_25_rtss.pdf